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Risk stratification system for skin and soft tissue infections after allogeneic hematopoietic stem celltransplantation: PAH risk score

《医学前沿(英文)》 2022年 第16卷 第6期   页码 957-968 doi: 10.1007/s11684-021-0910-1

摘要: Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) refer to infections involving the skin, subcutaneous tissue, fascia, and muscle. In transplant populations with hematological malignancies, an immunocompromised status and the routine use of immunosuppressants increase the risk of SSTIs greatly. However, to date, the profiles and clinical outcomes of SSTIs in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) patients remain unclear. This study included 228 patients (3.67%) who developed SSTIs within 180 days after allogeneic HSCT from January 2004 to December 2019 in Peking University People’s Hospital. The overall annual survival rate was 71.5%. We compared the differences between survivors and non-survivors a year after transplant and found that primary platelet graft failure (PPGF), comorbidities of acute kidney injury (AKI), and hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) were independent risk factors for death in the study population. A PPGF–AKI–HAP risk stratification system was established with a mortality risk score of 1×PPGF+1×AKI+1×HAP. The areas under the curves of internal and external validation were 0.833 (95% CI 0.760–0.906) and 0.826 (95% CI 0.715–0.937), respectively. The calibration plot revealed the high consistency of the estimated risks, and decision curve analysis showed considerable net benefits for patients.

关键词: skin and soft tissue infections     hematopoietic stem cell transplantation     risk stratification system     mortality    

Molecular pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia: A diverse disease with new perspectives

Felicitas THOL, Arnold GANSER

《医学前沿(英文)》 2010年 第4卷 第4期   页码 356-362 doi: 10.1007/s11684-010-0220-5

摘要: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a very heterogeneous neoplasm of the hematopoietic stem cell. Despite important achievements in the treatment of AML, the long term survival of patients with the disease remains poor. Understanding the pathogenesis of AML better is crucial for finding new treatment approaches. During AML development hematopoietic precursor cells undergo clonal transformation in a multistep process through acquisition of chromosomal rearrangements and/or different gene mutations. Over recent years, novel gene mutations have been found in patients with AML. These mutations can be divided into two important categories, class I mutations that confer a proliferation advantage and class II mutations that inhibit myeloid differentiation. Screening for some of these mutations is now part of the initial diagnostic work-up in newly diagnosed AML patients. Information about the mutation status of specific genes is useful for risk-stratification, minimal residual disease (MRD) monitoring and increasingly also for targeted therapy, especially for patients with cytogenetically normal AML (CN-AML). Besides chromosomal rearrangements and gene mutations, epigenetic regulation of genes – meaning changes in gene expression by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence – also represents an important mechanism of leukemogenesis. This article reviews some of the most common mutations in CN-AML and gives a perspective of the translation of these discoveries from bench to bedside.

关键词: acute myeloid leukemia     mutations     risk stratification    

A methodology for regulating fuel stratification and improving fuel economy of GCI mode via double main-injection

《能源前沿(英文)》 2023年 第17卷 第5期   页码 678-691 doi: 10.1007/s11708-022-0859-z

摘要: Gasoline compression ignition (GCI) combustion faces problems such as high maximum pressure rise rate (MPRR) and combustion deterioration at high loads. This paper aims to improve the engine performance of the GCI mode by regulating concentration stratification and promoting fuel-gas mixing by utilizing the double main-injection (DMI) strategy. Two direct injectors simultaneously injected gasoline with an octane number of 82.7 to investigate the energy ratio between the two main-injection and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on combustion and emissions. High-load experiments were conducted using the DMI strategy and compared with the single main-injection (SMI) strategy and conventional diesel combustion. The results indicate that the DMI strategy have a great potential to reduce the MPRR and improve the fuel economy of the GCI mode. At a 10 bar indicated mean effective pressure, increasing the main-injection-2 ratio (Rm-2) shortens the injection duration and increases the mean mixing time. Optimized Rm-2 could moderate the trade-off between the MPRR and the indicated specific fuel consumption with both reductions. An appropriate EGR should be adopted considering combustion and emissions. The DMI strategy achieves a highly efficient and stable combustion at high loads, with an indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) greater than 48%, CO and THC emissions at low levels, and MPRR within a reasonable range. Compared with the SMI strategy, the maximum improvement of the ITE is 1.5%, and the maximum reduction of MPRR is 1.5 bar/°CA.

关键词: gasoline compression ignition     injection strategy     fuel stratification     high efficiency     high load    

Comparison of prechilling stratification and sulfuric acid scarification on seed germination of

Nan WANG, Jing GAO, Suiqi ZHANG, Feng YAN

《农业科学与工程前沿(英文)》 2017年 第4卷 第2期   页码 220-227 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2017146

摘要: In semi-arid regions of the Loess Plateau, water deficiency restricts plant performance. (switchgrass), which is a highly versatile grass, had been introduced to the Plateau as a restoration species. To determine if prechilling stratification (PCS) and sulfuric acid scarification (SAS) can optimize establishment, cvs Pathfinder, Trailblazer and Alamo were tested under different ambient water potentials by measuring germination and root and shoot growth along water potential gradients under laboratory conditions. Both PCS and SAS improved total germination percentage (TGP), with PCS being more beneficial. The effect of PCS and SAS on mean germination time (MGT) weakened gradually with increasing drought stress. Both PCS and SAS showed no obvious effect on promoting root and shoot growth. Both PCS and SAS reduced base water potential requirement for reaching 50% germination of Pathfinder and Trailblazer, with this effect greater for PCS. These results indicate that embryo dormancy may be a major factor limiting germination of under drought conditions. Pathfinder appears to be more suitable for a semi-arid environment, whereas Alamo appears to be unsuitable for drought conditions. Given the large difference between predicted value and measured value, the reliability and applicable scope of linear regression estimated Y needs further investigation, specification and optimization.

关键词: base water potential     data analysis method     embryo growth     germination    

北斗卫星导航系统全球服务的风险分析和应对策略

杨军

《中国工程科学》 2023年 第25卷 第2期   页码 13-21 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2023.02.002

摘要:

北斗卫星导航系统(北斗系统)开通全球服务后,北斗规模应用进入市场化、产业化、国际化发展的新阶段,加强北斗系统全球服务风险及应对研究,是支撑国家战略、推动北斗系统国际化发展的内在要求,也是应对国际竞争、助力北斗系统行稳致远的必然选择。本文从卫星导航国际发展形势、北斗系统全球服务发展特征的角度入手,分析研判了北斗系统全球服务的风险现状与发展态势;梳理总结了北斗系统全球服务面临的5 种风险类型,包括国家风险、战略风险、市场风险、安全风险、法律风险,细致分析了相应的风险成因。针对北斗系统全球服务面临的风险,提出了应对策略:加强北斗系统全球服务风险应对的顶层谋划,建立要素齐全的北斗系统全球服务风险应对制度体系,提升北斗系统全球服务相关主体的风险应对能力,筑牢北斗系统全球风险应对工作基础。

《一、 前言》

一、 前言

北斗三号全球卫星导航系统(北斗系统)自开通服务以来,在全球1/2以上的国家和地区推广使用,北斗规模应用进入市场化、产业化、国际化发展的关键阶段[1]。在世界正处于百年未有之大变局、“一带一路”转向深化建设的背景下,北斗系统全球服务进入了新发展阶段。需要注意到,来自美国、俄罗斯、欧洲的导航服务竞争压力不断增加,系统拓展应用面临的风险也在增多,积极应对北斗系统全球服务风险的战略意义进一步提升。

目前,我国有关北斗系统全球服务的风险研究集中在企业“走出去”的法律(或知识产权)风险分析、北斗国际合作具体项目的风险分析、北斗系统全球服务技术安全风险分析等方面:北斗相关企业“走出去”可能面临的立法风险、执法风险、贸易壁垒风险、知识产权风险等[2,3];以北斗系统落户阿拉伯国家等具体地区为例,总结了可能面临的政治风险、安全风险、法律风险、社会文化风险等[4];立足北斗系统的技术特点,论述北斗系统风险控制及管理体系[5]。然而,目前仍缺乏对照北斗系统全球服务的新阶段需求,系统梳理可能面临的各类风险并做好风险应对的综合研究。

为进一步推动我国卫星导航事业的发展,积极应对错综复杂的国际形势,本文针对北斗系统全球服务发展亟需,明晰应对北斗系统全球服务风险的意义,聚焦可能面临的各类风险问题,辨识北斗系统全球服务风险的类型与成因,明确北斗系统全球服务风险防范的模式及机理;论证提出应对风险的策略,以期为我国卫星导航领域相关主体识别、诊断、预警、防控各类风险提供参考。

《二、 积极应对北斗系统全球服务风险的背景分析》

二、 积极应对北斗系统全球服务风险的背景分析

《(一) 北斗系统全球服务风险概述》

(一) 北斗系统全球服务风险概述

北斗系统是我国着眼于国家安全和经济社会发展需要,自主建设、独立运行的全球卫星导航系统[6]。全球服务是其建设和发展的天然使命。2020年7月,北斗三号全球卫星导航系统正式开通全球服务,向全球用户提供定位导航授时、国际搜救、全球短报文通信等3种全球服务;向亚太地区提供区域短报文通信、星基增强、精密单点定位、地基增强等4种区域服务。从国家发展层面来看,北斗系统全球服务面向全球多个国家及地区的国民经济和国家安全重要领域,有助于增强我国与相关国家的政治互信、经济融合和文化包容,为我国政治外交战略实施提供有力支撑;增进国际用户对北斗系统的了解和认可,有助于北斗系统获取全球用户信赖,吸纳更多的国际用户,进而可以不断提升北斗系统的安全稳定性,使北斗系统更好地服务全球、造福人类。从产业发展层面来看,推动北斗应用技术、产品、服务和相关企业主体“走出去”,有助于我国北斗相关企业赢得海外发展机遇,完善北斗应用和产业链的全球化布局,助力在国际市场中打造一流北斗品牌。

北斗系统全球服务风险指在北斗系统提供全球服务的新阶段,政府、企业、科研人员等主体在开展北斗海外基础设施建设运维,提供北斗系统服务,进行北斗产业国际投资、北斗产品服务和技术国际贸易、卫星导航数据跨境传输等国际化活动时面临的各类风险与挑战。当前,北斗系统开通全球服务不久,全球市场占有率有限,北斗系统全球服务面临的风险呈现类型多样化、数量逐渐激增的总体态势。

《(二) 北斗系统全球服务风险研判》

(二) 北斗系统全球服务风险研判

北斗系统作为军民两用系统,其全球服务涉及陆海空天复杂应用场景、覆盖范围广,既面临来自北斗服务落地国家的政治、经济、法律、安全等风险威胁,也面临来自其他拥有卫星导航系统国家的竞争风险。相较于区域服务发展阶段,北斗系统全球服务面临的新问题、新挑战不断凸显。

从发展需求来看,北斗系统全球服务需要进一步构建国际、国内利我的话语体系和发展空间,由此带来更多风险挑战。受后发系统客观因素影响,当前北斗系统参与国际规则制定的程度有限,主导性还不强。在国际市场成熟度方面,虽然北斗已形成基本完整的产业链布局,但北斗应用规模、服务圈、产业圈仍需进一步扩大,全球应用的深度、广度和力度也要进一步拓展及加强。这一过程中面临的自身战略选择、市场竞争、安全保障等风险因素影响将不断增强。

从发展环境来看,北斗三号全球卫星导航系统的建成开通,使北斗系统在国内外的认知度和影响力大幅提升,应用推广需求显著增强。随着“双循环”新发展格局和“一带一路”倡议等重大战略举措的全面推进,将有力促进北斗产业与其他产业的深度融合和国际市场规模的拓展,北斗系统全球服务发展面临前所未有的机遇。与此同时,当前,世界政治经济形势正在发生深刻变化,全球治理遭遇严峻挑战,给北斗系统全球服务带来的风险挑战日益复杂。特别是随着北斗系统全球服务的不断拓展深化,卫星导航领域已形成多系统并存的全球格局之下,世界各国在卫星导航领域围绕安全、利益、规则的博弈将日益激烈,影响北斗系统全球服务发展的不稳定和不确定因素日益增多。

《(三) 应对北斗系统全球服务风险的意义》

(三) 应对北斗系统全球服务风险的意义

一是维护国家安全发展利益的重要实践。北斗系统作为面向全球用户提供全天候、全天时、高精度定位、导航与授时服务的重要新型基础设施,其健康发展对我国时空信息安全具有重要意义。有效规避北斗系统全球服务中的各类风险,提升北斗系统发展的稳定性,使我国的时空信息安全牢牢把握在自己手中,有力保障国家经济安全、确保人民生命安全、维护国防安全,筑牢国家安全屏障。

二是促进北斗事业发展的内在要求。北斗系统经过20多年艰苦卓绝的建设历程,在设计之初就已布局全球服务能力,不但要做到天上好用,而且要做到地上用好[7]。北斗系统全球服务中面临的各类风险不仅给相关主体权益带来不确定损害威胁,也增加了北斗规模应用市场化、产业化、国际化发展的难度。积极应对北斗系统全球服务风险,既是维护北斗系统全球服务相关主体权益的必然需求,也是促进北斗事业高效、健康发展的内在要求。

三是推动构建人类命运共同体的重要体现。积极应对北斗系统全球服务风险,既向国际社会彰显我国政府持续发展建设北斗系统的信心和责任,展示北斗系统公开、透明、开放的自信形象,也表达了北斗系统愿与世界其他卫星导航系统并肩携手,共同服务全球、造福人类的积极意愿。这既是我国积极承担卫星导航国际责任的体现,也是我国为世界卫星导航发展贡献的“中国方案”,有助于与各国联合应对卫星导航面临的共同风险挑战,为在卫星导航领域推动构建人类命运共同体发挥重要作用。

《三、 北斗系统全球服务的风险类型及成因》

三、 北斗系统全球服务的风险类型及成因

关于风险的内涵,目前没有统一的定义。例如,风险是关于不愿发生的事件发生的不确定性的客观体现;风险是一种能够经受度量的量,不确定性应限制在不可度量的范围,两者具有本质区别[8]。根据风险的性质不同,可以将风险分为纯粹风险和机会风险,前者仅带来损失一种结果,后者则是包含损失和机遇的双重可能性;根据风险的来源,将风险分为经济风险、政治风险、社会风险、自然风险和技术风险等。本文所说的风险指一般意义上的纯粹风险[9]。关于卫星导航全球服务的风险分类尚无统一标准,借鉴主流的风险源分类法,结合北斗系统国际化发展的实际,将北斗系统全球服务的风险分为5类:国家风险、战略风险、市场风险、安全风险和法律风险。

《(一) 国家风险》

(一) 国家风险

国家风险指在国际经济活动中,由于国家的主权行为所引起的造成损失的可能性。国家风险概念起源于20世纪中期的商业银行跨国信贷业务,也称主权风险,泛指由于宏观经济和社会政策等非市场因素,或与政治不稳定相关的事件(如恐怖活动、社会动乱等)使跨国活动遭受损失的风险[10]。国家风险包含政治风险、地缘风险、制度风险、社会风险等,具有跨国性、宏观性等特征[11]。北斗系统全球服务过程中面临的国家风险主要来自营商环境恶劣、国家歧视性待遇、国家安全泛化与滥用等方面。

《1. 营商环境恶劣带来的风险》

1. 营商环境恶劣带来的风险

境外国家特别是享受北斗系统全球服务和产品的各国,在国家体制、经济发展水平、法律制度、用户习惯和社会文化等方面的差异显著,不少国家在进出口管制、劳工、土地、融资、财政、产业政策等方面不健全、不连续,互相冲突的情况时有发生,政治经济法律等营商环境较差,导致我国北斗企业在相应国家的海外投资与贸易活动时,可能在战略布局、人员安全、财产保障等方面面临诸多不利影响与潜在风险[2]

《2. 国家歧视性待遇带来的风险》

2. 国家歧视性待遇带来的风险

卫星导航服务相关基础设施、技术、产品、服务、数据具有高科技性、敏感性与战略性,常用于关键基础设施、政府设施和公共安全等领域,与国家安全、经济安全和社会公众利益息息相关,受到各国高度关注,这导致北斗系统全球服务更容易受到国际政治关系的影响[12]。现实中,某些国家在卫星导航应用相关项目工程公开招标中,禁止我国相关企业参与竞标,或通过设置隐形门槛针对性排除我国企业或相关北斗产品的应用。这些针对我国的限制性、歧视性待遇威胁北斗系统全球服务的顺利推进。

《3. 国家安全泛化与滥用带来的风险》

3. 国家安全泛化与滥用带来的风险

在卫星导航领域,少数国家泛化和滥用国家安全概念,采取多种手段打压北斗系统的全球发展。例如,利用媒体编制北斗系统有安全隐患的谣言,散播北斗系统网络安全威胁论;以法律为工具,通过长臂管辖、设置出口管制实体清单、军事最终用户清单、涉军企业清单、刑事指控等“组合拳”,遏制北斗企业的发展。这些国家安全泛化与滥用的行为将削弱北斗系统的优势,遏制北斗系统的全球服务发展。

《(二) 战略风险》

(二) 战略风险

战略风险的概念最早出现在企业管理的相关理论中,指企业战略规划在战略制定、实施和推进过程中,出现对企业战略目标、核心竞争力、发展效益等产生不利影响的各类风险。后来这一概念逐渐被使用在更多领域,从广义上来看,战略风险指一种影响事物战略发展全局的风险[13]。在北斗系统全球服务过程中,面临的战略风险主要是在战略资源和战略发展方向方面的风险。

《1. 战略资源不足的风险》

1. 战略资源不足的风险

随着空间技术的发展和卫星应用的大量增加,卫星频率轨位资源与地面监测站资源成为北斗系统全球服务不可或缺的战略资源。截至2021年12月31日,全球在轨运行卫星数量已达4852颗(其中,美国拥有2944颗,中国拥有499颗,俄罗斯拥有169颗,其他国家拥有1240颗)[14],全球近地轨道空间战略资源紧张。而在卫星导航领域,美国、俄罗斯等卫星导航强国从20世纪五六十年代开始,就已向国际电信联盟申报并依照国际规则获取了大部分对发展卫星导航系统最有利的频率轨道资源。这意味着,北斗系统面临无线电频率资源的竞争,要实现北斗系统全球服务,首先面临频轨资源短缺问题[7];同时,随着北斗系统全球服务的不断升级优化,北斗系统全球服务最佳效果的实现应是在全球建站,但受地缘政治、商业、技术等多重因素影响,北斗系统很难实现全球建站以支持系统日常运行和控制[7]。虽然我国创造性地发展了星间链路技术,在一定程度上弥补了监测站全球分布的局限性与稀疏性所造成的不利影响,但是,随着卫星导航高精度服务和时空信息安全需求的不断增加,全球监测资源对未来卫星导航系统乃至综合定位导航授时体系的建设发展仍然有着重要的战略意义。如何在国际资源分配中为下一代北斗系统升级发展争取更多的频率轨道资源、全球监测资源、数据资源,成为北斗系统全球服务面临的重要战略问题与潜在战略风险。

《2. 战略发展方向不明的风险》

2. 战略发展方向不明的风险

提高战略思维能力,要站在时代前沿和战略全局的高度观察、思考和处理问题,透过纷繁复杂的表面现象把握事物的本质和发展的内在规律[13]。当前,北斗系统虽然已经面向全球提供服务,但相较于在建设阶段明确提出的“三步走”发展战略,全球服务阶段的北斗发展战略和发展方向尚不够明确,战略目标、战略定位、战略实现路径、战略力量建设等内容未形成权威、统一的认识,致使在北斗系统全球服务中缺乏顶层设计与规范引导,由此带来发展方向不明的风险。究其背后原因,一是由于我国北斗系统全球服务起步不久,相关实践经验不够,受客观因素影响,一些矛盾问题尚未凸显,战略发展方向与实现路径不够明晰;二是受我国卫星导航领导管理体制不健全影响,随着北斗系统工程的建设完成,专项建设管理的模式不再适应北斗常态化稳定运行的发展需求,在北斗系统全球服务新阶段,缺少专业化、常态化、高层次的国家卫星导航领导管理机构对“后北斗”时代的全局性、长期性、战略性的问题进行统筹布局安排,致使重大战略规划缺少制定与实施主体,带来战略风险。

《(三) 市场风险》

(三) 市场风险

市场风险是一个源于金融学的概念,特指金融市场中因股票价格、利率、汇率、商品价格等变动而导致价值出现未预料到的潜在损失的风险[15]。在北斗系统全球服务过程中,面临的市场风险主要是市场竞争力不够的风险,其成因主要源于北斗系统为后发系统,面临用户消费惯性、知识产权侵权等的风险较高。

1. 卫星导航用户消费惯性的风险。

全球定位系统(GPS)用户在国际市场上占有绝对垄断地位。这是由于GPS产业已经提前20多年布局并发展,市场占有率高,诸多以GPS应用为主的市场规则和合作伙伴关系已经建立,多国的卫星导航服务使用者的使用习惯和使用忠诚度大比例地趋向GPS产品。因此,北斗产品作为后发产品,在这些国家和地区的市场适应性方面具有一定的劣势。

《2. 知识产权侵权的风险》

2. 知识产权侵权的风险

截至2021年12月31日(以专利公开时间为准),我国卫星导航专利申请累计总量(包括发明专利和实用新型专利)已突破9.8万件,其中导航体制相关专利数量占比为34.08%,信号处理相关专利数量占比为23.97%,信息处理相关专利数量占比为23.84%,GNSS+相关专利数量占比为11.62%,射频单元相关专利数量占比为6.48%[16]。对我国卫星导航专利的法律状态统计显示,失效专利占比高达41.57%,其中由于未缴年费、撤回、驳回而失效的专利居多。这也从侧面表明,我国北斗系统相关专利的申请中涉及产品应用的专利占比不高,体现技术制高点和产业掌控能力的有效核心专利数量明显不够,在国际市场开拓中,极易面临知识产权侵权的风险。分析原因可见,一方面,由于我国北斗知识产权管理保护、创新成果转移转化、产业发展协调协作平台机制还处于探索阶段,专利布局、数据挖掘、分析评估等知识产权先进手段亦尚未充分运用,北斗知识产权发展尚不充分;另一方面,卫星导航产品经过几十年的发展,很多技术要点、产品形态已经基本固定,很难再进行颠覆式的改造创新,因而相关产品具有很强的相似性,这就导致我国卫星导航领域的相关企业及其产品在同美国、欧洲等卫星导航强国和地区进行竞争时不具有明显的优势,甚至还面临着侵权风险。

《(四) 安全风险》

(四) 安全风险

北斗系统全球服务面临的安全风险来来自北斗系统建设运维与提供服务的数据传输、基础设施建设等环节。

《1. 数据安全风险》

1. 数据安全风险

为保障北斗系统安全稳定运行,需要及时掌握卫星导航系统的健康监测状态,而在对北斗系统相关海外基础设施数据进行跨境传输时,可能会与基础设施所在国的数据安全相关法律法规存在冲突[17]。另外,北斗系统在服务全球用户过程中,涉及用户的个人位置数据收集、存储、流转、应用,多国法律要求数据本地化存储以及限制数据流出国境,且在具体规定上存在一定的差异,这可能为北斗服务数据传输带来一定的合规风险[18]

《2. 北斗系统海外基础设施安全保护的风险》

2. 北斗系统海外基础设施安全保护的风险

要实现北斗系统的全球服务,相关基础设施的海外建设是必不可少的。北斗系统海外基础设施具有潜在的空间政治权力,其所有权、建设维护权、管理监督权、使用权情况复杂,相关建设运维和管理活动存在潜在风险[19]。一是全球卫星导航系统具有两用融合属性,允许他国或地区政府在本国领域内建设、运营和使用监测站可能对一国主权和安全造成影响,诸多国家通过法律形式予以严格限制,这导致北斗系统基础设施落地国外存在诸多障碍[20]。二是北斗系统海外基础设施的各项权利归属当前还未有明确的规定,特别是在对其行使管辖权时,通常会涉及到与海外基础设施所在地国的管辖冲突,致使北斗系统海外基础设施在遭受入侵、攻击、毁坏后,影响相关管理保护权益的发挥,为北斗系统的安全保护和管理工作带来一定风险[21]

《(五) 法律风险》

(五) 法律风险

北斗系统全球服务面临的法律风险既可能源自我国国内的法律,也有可能源自外国的法律,或者相关国际规则。

《1. 国内法律风险》

1. 国内法律风险

一方面,有关我国北斗系统的法治保障体系还不够健全,卫星导航专项法规尚未出台,依靠大量政策措施予以支撑保障,存在国内法律支撑保障不足的风险[22]。另一方面,针对部分国家以法律为工具的打压制裁措施,我国予以应对的法律“工具箱”还不够,涉外法治储备和水平难以满足北斗系统在全球全部的保障需求,存在风险隐患。

《2. 外国法律风险》

2. 外国法律风险

由于卫星导航产品一般为信息产品,受信息技术协定(ITA)保护而享受关税豁免[23],各国可能采取非关税壁垒的方式限制北斗的产品、服务和技术等贸易,如设置进出口许可证、制定严苛的技术标准和商品检验措施、出台反补贴措施等,这些都会对北斗系统全球服务带来一定风险。例如,一些国家针对卫星导航等电子信息产品采取严格的进口检验措施,增加了北斗产品进入其市场的成本与法律风险[24]

《3. 国际法律风险》

3. 国际法律风险

目前,卫星导航领域尚未形成稳定有序的国际义务履约督促机制,难以依据国际法对主权国家的行为进行实质约束,且碍于国际法巨大的解释空间,一国通常宣称自己的非法行为符合国际法[25]。更有甚者,一些国家在遵守国际法方面表现出极大的随意性,符合其利益时则要求各方遵守国际法,反之则将国际法置之一旁[26]。这导致北斗系统全球服务相关主体权益在受到侵害后寻求国际法治保护与救济的风险增加、信赖利益受损。

《四、 北斗系统全球服务的风险应对策略》

四、 北斗系统全球服务的风险应对策略

当前,北斗系统的快速发展能力及技术能力已经比肩GPS,北斗系统全球服务对内要发挥我国卫星导航超大规模市场优势,营造鼓励创新的制度环境,对外要与全球用户共享北斗系统建设发展成果,推动构建人类命运共同体。在这一过程中,我国应提高风险意识,前瞻部署北斗系统全球服务风险应对防范体系,全面提升北斗海外利益安全保障和相关主体风险应对能力,聚焦重点,统揽全局,有效防范各类风险连锁联动,维护我国卫星导航事业发展的核心利益,为国家安全和发展保驾护航。

《(一) 加强北斗系统全球服务风险应对的顶层谋划》

(一) 加强北斗系统全球服务风险应对的顶层谋划

《1. 将北斗系统全球服务的风险应对纳入国家发展整体布局》

1. 将北斗系统全球服务的风险应对纳入国家发展整体布局

从国家战略部署、外交合作、经济规划等多个方面提升北斗系统全球服务风险应对的地位,明确国家层面应对北斗系统全球服务风险的战略主体、战略目标、战略定位、战略实现路径、战略力量建设等,提高北斗系统全球服务风险应对的战略决策层次,借助各类国际合作平台增进与其他国家卫星导航领域的战略互信,积极宣传并践行负责任的卫星导航大国担当,化解不必要的摩擦与分歧。

《2. 明确北斗系统全球服务风险应对战略路径》

2. 明确北斗系统全球服务风险应对战略路径

充分认识北斗系统全球服务风险应对的战略意义,在推进北斗系统全球服务发展重大战略任务的同时,加强北斗系统全球服务风险应对防范体系的建设,特别是明确其目标方向和重点任务,加快制定并适时发布北斗系统全球服务风险应对的中长期发展规划及路线图。

《3. 前瞻部署战略任务,抢抓战略发展机遇期》

3. 前瞻部署战略任务,抢抓战略发展机遇期

基于现有国际规则和双边合作框架规则,争取北斗系统发展需要的各种资源,积极营造良好的外部环境,维护和拓展我国北斗系统全球发展的机遇期。加强北斗系统与其他系统的兼容与互操作协调,抢抓卫星导航领域国际规则构建初期的窗口期,充分发挥法治在北斗系统全球服务过程中的引领、规范和保障作用,推动构建有利于北斗系统全球服务的国际法基本规则,推动各国在保障国家安全与促进卫星导航市场公开透明的平衡方面形成一致共识。

《(二) 建立要素齐全的北斗系统全球服务风险应对制度体系》

(二) 建立要素齐全的北斗系统全球服务风险应对制度体系

《1. 完善北斗系统全球服务风险防范制度规范》

1. 完善北斗系统全球服务风险防范制度规范

统筹推进北斗系统全球服务风险应对的国内法治与涉外法治建设。制定加强北斗系统全球服务风险防范的法律规范,为保障北斗系统基础设施建设、提供高质量卫星导航服务、促进产品质量监督检验、加强卫星导航国际合作、保障卫星导航安全等活动提供法律引导和规范;推进北斗系统全球服务涉外法治建设,围绕反制裁、反干涉、反制长臂管辖等方面,丰富应对挑战、防范风险的法律“工具箱”,延伸保护北斗海外利益的安全链[27]

《2. 构建北斗系统全球服务风险防控协调机制》

2. 构建北斗系统全球服务风险防控协调机制

明确北斗系统全球服务风险应对的管理体制与职能,压实相关部门职能,确保各项应对措施实施落地。完善北斗系统全球服务风险事件的安全风险监测评估机制、协调联动工作机制、应急响应处置机制、公共舆情应对机制等,增强应对北斗系统全球服务风险的弹性、韧性和化解能力。

《3. 加强北斗系统全球服务风险评估与应急响应》

3. 加强北斗系统全球服务风险评估与应急响应

根据北斗系统全球服务的实践需要,构建系统化、标准化、常态化和精准化的北斗系统全球服务风险评估指标体系,全面识别与评估北斗系统全球服务中的各类风险状况,测评各类主体在北斗系统全球服务过程中遭受损失的可能性与损害程度,划分风险等级,为规避或减少风险决策提供科学依据[28]。逐步建立起北斗系统全球服务风险监测、预警、预防、演练与监督等应急处置各环节的工作指南体系,做好突发事件的预案演练和应对准备。

《4. 强化对北斗系统全球服务风险防范的监督与落实》

4. 强化对北斗系统全球服务风险防范的监督与落实

将北斗系统全球服务面临的各类风险防范任务拉条挂账,制定安全风险防范责任落实台账,明确制定各级风险监管责任,落实好分工,建立风险管理流程的标准体系,定期针对职责落实情况进行督导检查,切实发挥各部门作用,形成工作合力,共同提高对北斗系统全球服务风险防控的综合管理能力。

《(三) 提升北斗系统全球服务相关主体风险应对能力》

(三) 提升北斗系统全球服务相关主体风险应对能力

《1. 加强北斗系统全球服务风险信息的汇集与共享》

1. 加强北斗系统全球服务风险信息的汇集与共享

建立针对北斗系统全球服务风险全方位且权威的信息分享平台,在卫星导航主管部门的卫星导航信息通报制度和商务部、外交部的境外安全风险信息通报制度基础上,充分利用政府各部门的联动效应,加强各类风险信息的汇聚、筛选与权威发布。联合高等院校、智库、协会、企业等机构,加强对影响北斗系统全球服务发展的各类信息的分析研判,通过专门渠道发布风险信息,为相关主体提供权威、丰富、规范的信息服务[29]

《2. 加强北斗系统全球服务风险防范的宣传培训》

2. 加强北斗系统全球服务风险防范的宣传培训

加强北斗系统全球服务风险防范的宣传教育,引导北斗相关企业对具体投资项目诸多环节存在的风险进行评估。建立北斗系统全球服务风险防范咨询系统,针对北斗系统全球服务涉及的相关主体进行风险防范的定期培训,培养相关企业和人员对相关风险数据和信息的敏感性,了解相关的外国法律法规,主动规避风险。

《3. 完善相关保险、再保险、基金等风险保障制度》

3. 完善相关保险、再保险、基金等风险保障制度

研究建立具有特色的北斗相关对外投资保险制度,完善海外北斗海外投资担保体系,加强与境外保险机构合作,扩大保险规模,增加保险险种,为北斗系统全球服务相关主体提供保障支持[30]。同时,把再保险纳入统筹考虑范畴,立足北斗系统全球服务既有的业务资源优势,推动与国际同业实现风险与业务互换,低成本、快速推进北斗系统全球服务发展。研究设立针对北斗系统全球服务风险防范的基金项目,充分发挥政府资金的引领效应,加强对北斗企业的有效资本支持和便利服务,为北斗系统全球服务的提升提供保障。

《(四) 筑牢北斗全球风险应对工作基础》

(四) 筑牢北斗全球风险应对工作基础

《1. 夯实人才队伍建设》

1. 夯实人才队伍建设

完善人才培养机制、人才交流机制、人才激励机制,为应对北斗系统全球服务发展过程中的风险,培养并储备优质的人才资源[31]。加快建设北斗系统全球服务风险应对的人才培育中心、创新高地和专门队伍,壮大人才队伍规模,培养既懂卫星导航技术,又懂全球服务各方面发展需要的高素质工作人才,同时重视涉外法治人才培养。充分发挥相关院校和机构的平台作用,推动设立北斗系统全球服务风险应对战略研究智库,强化对所涉及的风险问题的研究。

《2. 深化理论研究》

2. 深化理论研究

以北斗系统全球服务发展实践的需求为牵引,汇集各方力量,聚焦风险应对的重点难点问题,开展理论基础性、应用性、系统性研究,构建新时代北斗系统全球服务风险应对理论体系。创新组织形式和研究机制,整合优势资源,注重学科交叉融合,发挥好学术交流对北斗系统全球服务风险应对理论创新与应用发展的引领作用,支撑更好地应对北斗系统全球服务风险。

利益冲突声明

本文作者在此声明彼此之间不存在任何利益冲突或财务冲突。

Received date: January 8, 2023; Revised date: March 17, 2023

Corresponding author: Yang Jun is a professor-level senior engineer from the China Satellite Navigation Office. His major research field is aerospace engineering management. E-mail: lawmaking@beidou.gov.cn

Funding project: Chinese Academy of Engineering project “Research on National Spatiotemporal Information Security Strategy” (2022-XY-131)

关键词: 北斗系统;全球服务;风险分析;风险应对    

Risk analysis methods of the water resources system under uncertainty

Zeying GUI,Chenglong ZHANG,Mo Li,Ping GUO

《农业科学与工程前沿(英文)》 2015年 第2卷 第3期   页码 205-215 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2015073

摘要: The main characteristic of the water resources system (WRS) is its great complexity and uncertainty, which makes it highly desirable to carry out a risk analysis of the WRS. The natural environmental, social economic conditions as well as limitations of human cognitive ability are possible sources of the uncertainties that need to be taken into account in the risk analysis process. In this paper the inherent stochastic uncertainty and cognitive subjective uncertainty of the WRS are discussed first, from both objective and subjective perspectives. Then the quantitative characterization methods of risk analysis are introduced, including three criteria (reliability, resiliency and vulnerability) and five basic optimization models (the expected risk value model, conditional value at risk model, chance-constrained risk model, minimizing probability of risk events model, and the multi-objective optimization model). Finally, this paper focuses on the various methods of risk analysis under uncertainty, which are summarized as random, fuzzy and mixed methods. A more comprehensive risk analysis methodology for the WRS is proposed based on the comparison of the advantages, disadvantages and applicable conditions of these three methods. This paper provides a decision support of risk analysis for researchers, policy makers and stakeholders of the WRS.

关键词: water resources system     evaluation criterion     optimization model     risk analysis method     uncertainty    

SinoSCORE: a logistically derived additive prediction model for post-coronary artery bypass grafting in-hospital mortality in a Chinese population

null

《医学前沿(英文)》 2013年 第7卷 第4期   页码 477-485 doi: 10.1007/s11684-013-0284-0

摘要:

This study aims to construct a logistically derived additive score for predicting in-hospital mortality risk in Chinese patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). Data from 9839 consecutive CABG patients in 43 Chinese centers were collected between 2007 and 2008 from the Chinese Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Registry. This database was randomly divided into developmental and validation subsets (9:1). The data in the developmental dataset were used to develop the model using logistic regression. Calibration and discrimination characteristics were assessed using the validation dataset. Thresholds were defined for each model to distinguish different risk groups. After excluding 275 patients with incomplete information, the overall mortality rate of the remaining 9564 patients was 2.5%. The SinoSCORE model was constructed based on 11 variables: age, preoperative NYHA stage III or IV, chronic renal failure, extracardiac arteriopathy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, preoperative atrial fibrillation or flutter (within 2βweeks), left ventricular ejection fraction, other elective surgery, combined valve procedures, preoperative critical state, and BMI. In the developmental dataset, calibration using a Hosmer-Lemeshow (HL) test was at =β0.44 and discrimination based on the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was 0.80. In the validation dataset, the HL test was at =β0.34 and the area under the ROC (AUC) was 0.78. A logistically derived additive model for predicting in-hospital mortality among Chinese patients undergoing CABG was developed based on the most up-to-date multi-center data from China.

关键词: coronary artery bypass grafting     risk stratification     in-hospital mortality    

Environmental effects and risk control of antibiotic resistance genes in the organic solid waste aerobiccomposting system: A review

《环境科学与工程前沿(英文)》 2021年 第15卷 第6期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-021-1415-5

摘要:

• ARGs were detected in livestock manure, sludge, food waste and fermentation dregs.

关键词: Antibiotic resistance genes     Organic solid waste     Aerobic composting     Livestock manure     Sludge    

系统工程风险评估方法的研究进展

曹云,徐卫亚

《中国工程科学》 2005年 第7卷 第6期   页码 88-94

摘要:

详细介绍了系统工程风险评估方法及其应用的现状和进展,对各种方法的适用范围及优缺点作了说明,讨论了风险评估方法研究中的几个技术问题,指出目前风险评估方法要解决的问题和今后的研究方向。

关键词: 风险评估     风险分析     系统工程    

Chaotic behavior of LNG after stratification in main stream region of storage tank

WANG Jingjing, MA Xiaoqian

《能源前沿(英文)》 2008年 第2卷 第4期   页码 514-518 doi: 10.1007/s11708-008-0076-4

摘要: A study of the chaotic behavior of liquefied natural gas (LNG) after stratification in the main stream region of a storage tank was conducted. Based on non-linear dynamics, a 2-dimensional Rayleigh-Benard convection model was developed to simulate the convection, Lorenz equations of LNG convection were deduced from conservation equations, and the Runge-Kutta method was used to solve the equations. The results showed that when = 1.33, 106 < < 1470, chaos was obtained, which meant that the velocity field and the temperature field were highly unsteady. In addition, the influence of temperature and scale factor on the solutions and the corresponding range of parameters were studied. The results revealed that the chaos in LNG convection resulted from the interaction of buoyancy and viscid forces. A small quantity of heat impacting the storage tank would lead to a strong and unstable convection of LNG in the main stream region.

关键词: Runge-Kutta     non-linear     corresponding     temperature     addition    

Renin--angiotensin system inhibitor is associated with the reduced risk of all-cause mortality in COVID

《医学前沿(英文)》 2022年 第16卷 第1期   页码 102-110 doi: 10.1007/s11684-021-0850-9

摘要: Consecutively hospitalized patients with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China were retrospectively enrolled from January 2020 to March 2020 to investigate the association between the use of renin–angiotensin system inhibitor (RAS-I) and the outcome of this disease. Associations between the use of RAS-I (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB)), ACEI, and ARB and in-hospital mortality were analyzed using multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models in overall and subgroup of hypertension status. A total of 2771 patients with COVID-19 were included, with moderate and severe cases accounting for 45.0% and 36.5%, respectively. A total of 195 (7.0%) patients died. RAS-I (hazard ratio (HR)=0.499, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.325–0.767) and ARB (HR=0.410, 95% CI 0.240–0.700) use was associated with a reduced risk of all-cause mortality among patients with COVID-19. For patients with hypertension, RAS-I and ARB applications were also associated with a reduced risk of mortality with HR of 0.352 (95% CI 0.162–0.764) and 0.279 (95% CI 0.115–0.677), respectively. RAS-I exhibited protective effects on the survival outcome of COVID-19. ARB use was associated with a reduced risk of all-cause mortality among patients with COVID-19.

关键词: COVID-19     RAS inhibitor     hypertension     all-cause mortality    

Reliability analysis of urban gas transmission and distribution system based on FMEA and correlation

Su LI,Weiguo ZHOU

《能源前沿(英文)》 2014年 第8卷 第4期   页码 443-448 doi: 10.1007/s11708-014-0336-4

摘要: In order to improve the safety management of urban gas transmission and distribution system, failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) was used to construct the reliability analysis system of the pipeline network. To solve the problem of subjectivity and uncertainty of the multi-expert decision making, the correlation operator was introduced into the calculation of the risk priority number (RPN). Using FMEA along with weight analysis and expert investigation approach, the FMEA evaluation table was given, including five failure modes, risk priority numbers, failure causes and effects, as well as corrective actions. The results show that correlation operator can directly process the linguistic terms and quantify the priority of the risks.

关键词: gas transmission and distribution system     risk evaluation     reliability analysis     failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA)     correlation operator    

A novel method for reliability and risk evaluation of wind energy conversion systems considering wind

Seyed Mohsen MIRYOUSEFI AVAL,Amir AHADI,Hosein HAYATI

《能源前沿(英文)》 2016年 第10卷 第1期   页码 46-56 doi: 10.1007/s11708-015-0384-4

摘要: This paper investigates an analytical approach for the reliability modeling of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbines. At present, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, wind speed and wind turbine generator outage have not been addressed simultaneously. In this paper, a novel methodology based on the Weibull-Markov method is proposed for evaluating the probabilistic reliability of the bulk electric power systems, including DFIG wind turbines, considering wind speed and wind turbine generator outage. The proposed model is presented in terms of appropriate wind speed modeling as well as capacity outage probability table (COPT), considering component failures of the wind turbine generators. Based on the proposed method, the COPT of the wind farm has been developed and utilized on the IEEE RBTS to estimate the well-known reliability and sensitive indices. The simulation results reveal the importance of inclusion of wind turbine generator outage as well as wind speed in the reliability assessment of the wind farms. Moreover, the proposed method reduces the complexity of using analytical methods and provides an accurate reliability model for the wind turbines. Furthermore, several case studies are considered to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in practical applications.

关键词: doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)     composite system adequacy assessment     wind speed correlation    

Structure creation in earthen construction materials: information from dry soil mixtures

Christopher BECKETT, Charles AUGARDE

《结构与土木工程前沿(英文)》 2011年 第5卷 第2期   页码 151-159 doi: 10.1007/s11709-011-0109-7

摘要: There is increasing interest in the use of earthen construction materials, such as rammed earth, due to their inherent sustainability. These materials have been used by man for thousands of years and some of the earliest examples can be found in China. Features of the structures of these materials arise from the means of production. In particular, in situ earthen construction materials exhibit strong anisotropy due to their layered nature. A more subtle structure effect arises from the way that the earth mixture is deposited. This paper reviews and discusses stratification effects in dry soil mixtures, including some original experimental work, and indicates some links between the features of the dry mixtures and earthen construction materials. Improved understanding of the physical processes in play will allow more accurate specification of these materials in the future, and hence spread their use.

关键词: rammed earth     stratification     particle size distribution     pore size distribution    

Decision Support System for Evaluating Impact of Product Carbon Labeling Scheme

Xu Dong-ling,Foster Chris,Hu Ying,Yang Jian-bo

《工程管理前沿(英文)》 2014年 第1卷 第1期   页码 89-104 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2014015

摘要: In this paper a decision support system for systematically evaluating the impact of labeling products with their carbon footprints is developed and applied to prioritize products for carbon labeling in a large supermarket chain in the UK. Carbon labels may change consumers' behavior and encourage suppliers to implement carbon-reduction solutions. Those changes may, however, lead to unintended risks. To handle the challenges of uncertainties in the evaluation, the Evidential Reasoning approach and the Intelligent Decision System software for multi-criteria decision analysis are applied to support the process. The system developed can be applied to assessing the impact of sustainable development policies to maximize their benefits and minimize their risks.

关键词: impact assessment     multiple criteria decision analysis     risk analysis     carbon footprint     decision support system     product carbon labeling    

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北斗卫星导航系统全球服务的风险分析和应对策略

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Risk analysis methods of the water resources system under uncertainty

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SinoSCORE: a logistically derived additive prediction model for post-coronary artery bypass grafting in-hospital mortality in a Chinese population

null

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Environmental effects and risk control of antibiotic resistance genes in the organic solid waste aerobiccomposting system: A review

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系统工程风险评估方法的研究进展

曹云,徐卫亚

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Chaotic behavior of LNG after stratification in main stream region of storage tank

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Renin--angiotensin system inhibitor is associated with the reduced risk of all-cause mortality in COVID

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Reliability analysis of urban gas transmission and distribution system based on FMEA and correlation

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A novel method for reliability and risk evaluation of wind energy conversion systems considering wind

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Structure creation in earthen construction materials: information from dry soil mixtures

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Decision Support System for Evaluating Impact of Product Carbon Labeling Scheme

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